THE AWARENESS OF CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE AMONG MALE ADOLESCENTS

THE AWARENESS OF CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE AMONG MALE ADOLESCENTS

Background of study

"Contraceptives" are defined as "a medication, device, or technique used to prevent a woman from becoming pregnant" in the Oxford Advanced Learners' Dictionary of Current English. 1 The use of condoms as a preventative strategy against the transmission of sexually transmitted illnesses like HIV and AIDS is not included in this definition, despite the fact that the term covers a wide range of applications. The practice of using contraception has been around for a long time, even dating back to our ancestors. Back then, men would decide whether or not they wanted children and would schedule their sexual encounters with their spouses accordingly. They have a mental image of when the monthly menstrual flow of their wives occurs or how long their women have to breast feed their newborns in order to prevent unintended pregnancies. This helps them plan ahead to ensure that their wives do not become pregnant. Some traditional women go to the extreme of wrapping contraceptive bands around their waists in order to avoid unintended births (Abah, 2021). There are around 75 million unintended pregnancies that occur each year among women all over the world. In most cases, an unintended pregnancy happens for one of two primary reasons: either the couple was not using any kind of birth control at all, or the technique that they were attempting to use did not work. A lack of access to family planning information and services, incest or rape, personal or religious beliefs, insufficient knowledge about the risks of pregnancy following unprotected sexual relations, and women's limited decision-making ability with regard to sexual relations and contraceptive use are some of the many reasons why people do not use contraceptives to prevent unwanted pregnancies. 2 Family planning services are unavailable to a significant number of women (Abdulraheem, & Fawole, 2021). In the industrialized world, the acceptance and widespread use of contraceptives by both males and females is now the norm rather than the exception. This has not been the case in the developing world, where the cultural belief that it is the responsibility of women to protect themselves from unintended pregnancies has prevailed; instead of men making it possible for women to use contraceptives, women are expected to protect themselves from unwanted pregnancies (Abah, 2021). The process of having children requires the participation of both males and females, but in parts of the developing world, it is considered to be primarily the job of the female gender to have children. It is for this reason that the use of contraceptives among males in these regions has not been advocated to the same extent as the use of contraceptives among women. It does not appear that the patriarchal aspect of African society assists or encourages male contraception; rather, it leads males to assume that they have no part to play in the maintenance of reproductive health, which is counterproductive (Abiodun, & Balogun, 2021). People in industrialized countries have moved past the persisting beliefs and unfavorable attitude that males have regarding birth control and other forms of birth control. The fact that male contraception in developing nations has not been promoted has, however, led to a lack of information about it and also lowered the desire to seek knowledge in this field, which has contributed to the scarcity of information about it. According to a number of studies, males are interested in improved methods of birth control. According to the findings of a recent survey conducted on British males, eighty percent of respondents ranked a fictitious male pill as one of their top three contraceptive options (Brooks, 1988) 3. According to the findings of another study, over sixty percent of men in Germany, Spain, Brazil, and Mexico would be eager to utilize an innovative technique of male contraception (Heinemaan, 2006). 4 Another study titled "why Nigerian adolescents seek abortion rather than contraception: Evidence from focus group discussions" asked young people about the availability of contraceptives, the perceived advantages of the method used, the side effects, and the reasons why young people use or do not use contraceptives. It was discovered that the dominant factor in adolescent decisions to rely on induced abortion rather than contraception was the fear of future infertility. [Citation needed] [Citation needed] (Abdulraheem, & Fawole, 2021).

Methods of Contraception -  are more in the female gender than the male.

Those of the female include:

The Combined Pill:  These are oral contraceptives, sometimes known as eniphasic and biphasic tablets, as well as everyday and erectile dysfunction medicines. When taken in the recommended manner, their efficacy is 99 percent. When taken on a consistent basis, they inhibit ovulation due to the presence of two hormones, estrogen and progistogen, both of which are present in the product.

Mini Pill:  Progestogen pill alone It has a success rate of 98 percent if it is taken correctly, consistently, and at the same time every day. Because it creates alterations in the womb, it is more difficult for sperm to enter the womb and start a pregnancy.

Injectable Contraceptives:  Depo-provera and Noristerat are two examples of these. It is successful in almost all situations (99 percent). In addition, it prevents ovulation by working in a manner analogous to that of the mini pill. It extends the amount of time you are protected by up to three months. It might lead to her periods being unpredictable and even cause her to hemorrhage between cycles (Abah, 2021).

Intra Uterine Device:  It is between 96 and 99 percent efficient. It is a device made of plastic or copper that is placed into the womb by the physician. This device stops the ovum or egg from settling in the womb, which can lead to pregnancy.

Diaphragm or Cap:  With proper application, its effectiveness ranges from 85 to 97 percent. It is a device made of flexible rubber that is inserted into the vaginal canal prior to sexual activity in order to cover the cervix and create a barrier that inhibits sperm from reaching the egg. It must be used in conjunction with a spermicide, and it must be remained in place for a period of six hours following sexual activity.

Sponge:  With proper application, its effectiveness ranges from 75% to 91%. It is a round, soft sponge made of polyether-ether-ketone foam that is inserted into the vagina up to twenty-four hours before sexual activity in order to conceal the cervix. There is already spermicide present in it (Abah, 2021).

Female Sterilization:  In this long-term form of contraception, the fallopian tubes are surgically blocked off, preventing the egg from making its way to the sperm at the lower end of the uterus. It is effective for the rest of one's life, but there is a one in three hundred chance that the tube may rejion and fertility will return.

Natural Methods (‘Safe Period’ ‘Rhythm method’). It is successful between 85 and 95 percent of the time. The goal is to forecast ovulation at a period when the woman will be at her most fertile, so that sexual activity may be avoided during this time. This strategy relies on monitoring changes in vaginal nuclear and other indicators of ovulation in addition to keeping a daily record of one's body temperature (Abah, 2021).

The male contraceptive measures include:

a. Condom:  When utilized correctly, it has a success rate of between 85 and 98 percent of cases. It is a thin piece of rubber that is to be worn on the penis when it is in an upright position. It blocks sperm from accessing the female reproductive system. It protects both partners against infections that are transferred sexually, and it also protects the woman from developing cervical cancer.

b. Male Sterilization (Vasectomy):  This is a permanent treatment that includes cutting or restricting the tubes that carry sperm from the testes (vas deferens) to the penis. This is done in order to prevent the production of more sperm. It is a method of permanent contraception, similar to the tubal ligation that is performed on females. After a vasectomy, an additional form of birth control must be utilized for around three months in order to remove all of the sperm from the fallopian tube. This approach has a one-in-one hundred chance of failing in any given scenario (Abdulraheem, & Fawole, 2021).

c. Withdrawal Method:  Although this strategy does not typically provide positive results, some people nevertheless employ it. During orgasm, the penis is removed before ejaculating takes place. This is done to prevent injury. It does not take care of the sperm that are transferred into the vagina before an orgasmic act takes place, which is one of the reasons why it is ineffective.

Emergency Contraception:  This is a way of avoiding pregnancy after having sexual activity that was not protected, after having a contraceptive accident or misuse (for example, a broken condom or an unsuccessful attempt at coitus interruptus), and in the event that you were raped (Abdulraheem, & Fawole, 2021).  There are two common methods which can be used in emergency contraception:

a. Emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs)

b. Copper intra-uterine device (IUDs).

These two approaches need to be utilized within a few days after having sexual contact while unprotected. They do not pose any health risks for most women. Although the ECPs make use of the same hormones that are found in birth control pills, they are administered in a different manner. They either stop the egg from being released from the ovary or they stop the egg from being fertilized. IUDs prevent conception by immobilizing sperm, reducing the rate at which sperm migrate, preventing fertilization of eggs, and causing changes in the uterine lining that are incompatible with pregnancy (Abdulraheem, & Fawole, 2021).

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